core competencies of samsung

Essentially, a core competence is anything that a business does extremely well and is generally considered to be critical to the business's overall performance. Their good marketing strategy has played its role quite well as over the years their sales and demand have increased in good numbers, making them hold a good position globally in the competitive industry. They introduced the model in a 1990 paper called, The Core Competence of the Corporation. Frequent restructuring, emphasis on soft capabilities (technology, brand, and design), talent recruitment, excellent performance-based compensation, and risk-taking CEOs are all evident in Samsung businesses. The co-existence of these two styles within Samsung directly stems from the fact that it runs a business with huge strategic uncertainty while maintaining massive manufacturing facilities. Every Tuesday afternoon, the GOC sets or revises production plans for each plant, confirming the type and quantity of products to be produced by each worker at each production line and plant three days in advance. The phone business is massive in size, it is a quick paced world where products are always on demand for bigger and better quality. Digital ads of Samsung and other companies at Piccadilly Circus. Therefore, the source of competitive advantage for Barclays would be quality customer care as envisaged in their strategy in citizenship and continuous development of new and unique products for the market. Capturing the opportunities shown in this SWOT analysis helps the company remain a major competitor in the international market. >>> Employee Empowerment 10 Commandments of Innovation Have a Dream. And in brand recognition (Interbands Global Brand Rankings), Samsung is the highest-ranking non-American company. The New Management Initiative had the ambitious goal of making Samsung one of the leading global companies of the twenty-first century. These benefits are among the reasons they are at the top. Samsung's core competency is its ability to get the most out of the android operating system as well as the quality of their smartphones. It isn . There are seven core competencies in CBC. Samsung's generic competitive strategy (Porter's framework) and intensive strategies for growth (Ansoff Matrix) focus on utilizing technological innovation to support the company's competitive advantage in the consumer electronics, semiconductors, and home appliances markets. Samsung's core competency is its ability to get the most out of the android operating system as well as the quality of their smartphones. A core competence can be identified as a unique set of skills or production techniques that deliver a particular value to the customer. For example, Samsung Electronics benefits from the conglomerates semiconductors business. 1. The other core competence of Samsung is its pro-activeness to manufacture wide variety of products with different configurations. These internal factors relate to market demand and related supply chains, especially those linked to consumer electronics, which is the main source of the companys revenues. To be a true core competency, it must be relevant to the needs of customers such that they are strongly compelled to . Dynamic capabilities represent the ability of a firm to create new manufacturing processes and new products/services in order to rapidly respond to changing environments (Helfat et al., 2007; Teece, 1998). One of Facebook's core competencies is the ability to rapidly iterate and add new features; it was named one of Fast Company's most innovative companies of 2017. (2020, January 1). He also started exposing the Samsung brand by sponsoring global events, such as the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics and many others, in an effort to improve their brand image. That's because the company can't effectively compete in all segments at the same time. However, since overtime allowances raised labor costs, Samsung set the reduction of overtime as an evaluation criterion the following year. For the same reason, Samsung doesnt hesitate to invest much money in its marketing. Core competencies of a firm can be described as the collective skills and proficiencies which enable a corporate to meet desirable set targets purposely for the satisfaction of consumers. Why was this decision made and what was the affect in terms of the company's competitive position? This SWOT analysis also identifies the companys design and manufacturing expertise for the semiconductors and electronics markets. A Core Competency is a deep proficiency that enables a company to deliver unique value to customers. It is difficult to accommodate the elements of both the Japanese and American management styles into a single company. This external factor is an opportunity to boost the technology conglomerates competitive advantage through its products features. Business strengths are internal strategic factors that, in this SWOT analysis, refer to competencies, resources, and capabilities that support the companys value chain, as well as growth and profitability of the semiconductors, consumer electronics, and technology solutions businesses. Samsung will need to continue to gain profit while simultaneously maintaining sustainability and innovation through the proper management of: planning, leading, organizing, controlling, and innovation. As a result, they have a large customer base and affordable products for many people. A core competency is unique to the business and provides the business with an advantage in the marketplace. IndustryWeek posed a few questions to Dr. Song to understand the underpinnings of this transformation so that other manufacturers might replicate the success. Retrieved January 17, 2023, from, Samsung Electronics | Company Overview & News. However, R&D is not the only competitive strength Samsung has. Its strong supply chain adds to one of its significant competitive advantages. . Many people believe that strategy is about competing to be the best. The ability to enjoy economies of scale from supplies and large capital structure should also offer Barclays, a hand in increasing competition. The following are the main threats that affect Samsung: Competition is the most significant threat relevant in this SWOT analysis of Samsung. B., & Hesterly, W. S. (2015). While Google is available virtually everywhere there is internet access but operated in only 20 countries. Companies that have developed core competencies can create a sustainable competitive . Core competencies A company's core competencies are defined as "the central set of knowledge in a company that, when applied, allows the company to create superior value than can competitors" (Hill et al, 2007). It also has a strong brand reputation for its products, which include the iPad, iPod, iPhone, Apple TV, and Mac computer hardware and software. Customers has to understand companys core competence because it differentiate the company from its competitor and keeps positive image in their minds. See our Privacy Policy here. In particular, Chairman Lee pushed Samsung to invest preemptively in R&D, brand marketing, and design capabilities for emerging digital products. Reflecting this change, Samsung has reduced its reliance on the Japanese models it adopted in the past, including an emphasis on standardized talent and seniority based compensation, while greatly increasing its use of American practices like an emphasis on core talent, and competencies and performance-based compensation and promotion. For CCPA and GDPR compliance, we do not use personally identifiable information to serve ads in California, the EU, and the EEA. Samsung core competencies.Journal of Strategy and Management, 3 3 , 215-251. Leaders and managers must be role models for organizational success. See our Privacy Policy page to find out more about cookies or to switch them off. Samsung manufactures various consumer and industrial electronics, such as appliances, digital media devices, semiconductors, memory chips, and integrated systems. Along with being one of the most well-known smartphone brands, the brand is also a leader in the chip industry. These weaknesses impose limits on the long-term success of the companys semiconductors and consumer electronics business. Use them as briefing notes to help you prepare for: interviews. Samsungs weaknesses are internal factors that reduce business capabilities in capturing the opportunities shown in this SWOT analysis. This particular article has successfully galvanized the three core concepts of organizational development. The four core competencies are capabilities that are valuable, rare, costly to intimidate and non-substitutable. A core competency of an individual in the workplace is an attribute that makes that person stand out over the rest. View a sample competency assessment. Notesmatic. By 1960s Samsung entered in to electronics industry and shipping and construction in 1970s. informational meetings. IPhone managed, for instance, to be leader in mobile phone with its unique features and functions and made it different from other mobile phone company. https://www.facebook.com/pages/IndustryWeek/91310488418, https://www.linkedin.com/company/industry-week, https://www.youtube.com/user/industryweek. The classical theory which assumes that rational economic man is in charge of the firm, the evolutionary theory that doesnt rely on managers but instead they expect the markets to secure maximization of profit in which according to it the market selects the winner. These are: communication and collaboration, critical thinking and problem solving, imagination and creativity, citizenship, learning to learn, self-efficacy and digital literacy What are examples of core competencies? What are the 12 Core Competencies?. Reflecting this change, Samsung has reduced its reliance on the Japanese models it adopted in the past, including an emphasis on standardized talent and seniority based compensation, while greatly increasing its use of American practices like an emphasis on core talent, and competencies and performance-based compensation and promotion. This is achieved through change of business strategies to those which enable the firm become competitive through exploitation of core competencies in the individual products and services. The threats identified in this SWOT analysis persist against Samsung and, thus, require strategies to mitigate their effects on the business and to maintain the companys competitive advantage. Furthermore, considering Samsungs well established and trusted brand name, any new innovation they launch is much more likely to be accepted because consumers already know, love and trust their brand. Samsung went from a no-name company in the global market of the early 1990s to a world-class corporation in the second millennium, explains Dr. Jaeyong Song, lead author of the just released book The Samsung Way. Aside from the mobile phone segment, it has introduced products in both the premium and lower-end segments in the consumer electronics segment. Our telecommunications equipment and solutions power the global expansion of 4G. Additionally, they have a strong understanding of its core competencies and continue to invest in R&D. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and . (n.d.). There are three types of competitive advantage. 5.2 5G Technological Core Competencies Figure 11: Samsung Innov ative Strategy for Competitive Adv antages with 5G Technologie s 5.3 Strategy Gap Analysis with 5G Technology Samsung takes advantage of their, Samsung posted quarterly revenue of 51.68 trillion Korean won, or$45 billion. Self-Management. Profits came in slightly above its earlier estimate, at 7.39 trillion, or $6.45 billion, up a, 1. T his section analyzes Samsung's core competencies as key success factors for the company. The code ensures that there is gender equality in the company, business information is disclosed in a transparent manner and partner collaboration is done. From a business model perspective, the two companies are constantly converging and modifying, although stark contrasts remain. The question is how handset manufacturers have fit their global marketing strategies to win widespread acceptance as competition intensifies. These competencies have helped the company become a leading player in the global market. We also aim to fulfill our social roles and responsibilities as a global company by implementing ethical management while observing all laws and principles. As one of the most ethical corporations, Samsung continues to train its employees and run monitoring systems worldwide, all while practicing fair and transparent corporate management. Patient Care - that is compassionate, appropriate, and effective for treating health problems and promoting health; Medical Knowledge - about established and evolving biomedical, clinical, and cognate (e.g., epidemiological and social-behavioral) sciences and the application of this knowledge to patient care; Practice-Based Learning and Improvement - that involve . We empower and support the next generation to achieve their full potential and pioneer positive social changes, Samsungs most important core value is developing people, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal information. Its normal to think of Samsung as a global brand with a sizable customer base. The four Core competencies of Samsung are: creative people, technology leadership, innovative culture, and customer value creation. This site uses cookies to personalise your experience, analyse site traffic and keep track of items stored in your shopping basket. For example, it is recommended that the company exploit the identified opportunities, such as strategic partnerships, to strengthen its competitive position in the international market for consumer electronics. Lockheed Martin is a global security and aerospace company. Technology & Leadership Innovation f Samsung's Technological Capabilities 1970s 1990s 2010s Key activities Conglomerate Diversification Entry into DRAM market Organizational reform, Internationalization American companies also tend to outsource manufacturing or move abroad, finding the source of their core competencies in soft capabilities or intangible assets such as technological innovation, brand marketing capabilities, and design capabilities. This allows the brand to make new market-leading offerings and to contend with its customers satisfactorily. Samsungs most important core value is developing people Help us to make recommendations for you by updating your product preferences. Samsung was a late starter into the smart phone industry, while, this has not prevented them from successfully positioning their product at the forefront against those offered by their competition such as Apple. This essay will look at the position of the market, the level of competition amongst the major players in the smartphone world, and the economic advantage Samsung possess. Samsung has been a global force longer and has its hands in more . The core competencies of Amazon include: Brand-consumer relation Customer-centric approach Innovative services Self-suffice shopping and media streaming platforms No third-party involvement Independent product distribution Well-organized logistics Premier customer service Fast product delivery Wide range of low-cost products #3 - Nike This is at the core of Samsung's corporate philosophy. An effective and innovative knowledge management system is used by the corporation to compete with rivals in the global market (Samsung, 2019). For instance, they were the first company to launch a cell phone with an MP3 player, (Kotler, Keller 363). Similarly, strategic partnerships with online service firms are an opportunity for stronger competitive advantage. Most of the employees in Samsungs Vietnam plant work under this system, as they are semiskilled as a result of high turnover rates. Copyright by Panmore Institute - All rights reserved. Forbes. Therefore, the crux of this report is that Samsung Company has developed core competency in cost leadership and product differentiation strategy in market and competing with the rivals. It regards ethical management as a tool for adapting to rapid changes in the international business environment and building trust with its various stakeholders, which include customers, shareholders, employees, business partners, and local communities. Shareholders value . Retrieved January 17, 2023, from, What are the competitive advantages of Samsung? However, Samsung absorbed technologies from its partners quickly and developed its own technologies by making aggressive investments in its internal R&D capabilities. The brand rivals some of the biggest names in the industry, such as Apple, Google, and Sony. Another strength in this case is the synergistic support involving the technology companys divisions and subsidiaries. Quora. Wiki User 2012-04-20 01:54:37 This answer is: Study guides. IW: How did Samsung transform itself from a mediocre OEM manufacturer to a world-class performer in just 20 years? However, Samsungs management style also resembles American-style management in many ways. R&D assists in forecasting future demand and future needs. Samsung is a South Korean corporation and one of the world's leading manufacturers of electronic devices. Core Competencies: The four Core competencies of Samsung are: creative people, technology leadership, innovativeculture, and customer value creation. SWOT analysis from a resource-based view. Therefore, employees may disengage and compromise company standards as seen in the, For any business to successfully add value they either do so through lower costs or superior benefits to the consumer by offering product differentiation (Singh 2012). ompared to Japanese companies, American businesses are typically more centralized, and because they value core talent with differentiated competencies more than the loyalty of executives and employees, they depend more on external labor markets than on internal cultivation of labor. Total marketing expenditure of Samsung was higher than 9 Billion US dollars in 2018. The organization utilizes and uses these assets to carry out their business operations. Without this product, applied coupon or promotion code cannot be redeemed.Are you sure to remove this product? Copyright 1995-2023 SAMSUNG All Rights Reserved. The center provided 19,620 man/days of training and education to 3105 SEC employees. There are component integration issues as well as loss revenue from potential App sales (Strategic Mangement insight , 2015). The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in Samsungs businesses and industry environment present a competitive situation that requires innovative strategies to continue business growth despite competition. Likewise, these components significantly help Samsung. The core competencies of Apple were its innovative designs and technology based on software. They even work on their pricing, making it affordable for many people. This analysis would then depict the companys core competencies. These opportunities are linked to technological development, market development, and alliances with various business organizations. irjevskis, A. Retrieved January 17, 2023, from, Pratap, A. Pricing is an essential factor that has given Samsung a competitive advantage over others. Its flagship IT business is in an industry noted for sharp swings in demand and rapidly changing technologies, thus requiring a high level of strategic foresight. Retrieved January 17, 2023, from, Company Info | About Us || Samsung Bangladesh. Samsung is committed to corporate social responsibility through ensuring that ethical codes of conduct are followed in the company through their 5 Samsung business principles. Training and education programs provided by SHRDC have nurtured key managers and executives at Samsung. The external factors in this aspect of the SWOT analysis indicate the favorable business environments where Samsung can grow its revenues, increase its market share, and improve overall competitive advantages. Most importantly, Chairman Lee viewed the emerging digital revolution as a golden opportunity to get ahead of Japanese electronics giants such as Sony. (2010). It helps in creating customer value. An analysis of sources of risk in the consumer electronics industry. Apple and Samsung are in an ongoing head to head corporal war on which company is better, Samsung Electronics started as one of the biggest suppliers of international high-tech companies producing chip, battery and memory. Generally, Japanese management is characterized by market share orientation, unrelated diversification, vertical integration, emphasis on manufacturing competitiveness and operational efficiency, strict organizational discipline, emphasis on employee loyalty, internal and seniority-based promotion and rewards, and participation of both workers and shareholders in management. Valentin, E. K. (2001). IW: Could you highlight somespecific improvements in manufacturing processes that accounts for the company's success? Samsung possesses numerous core competencies that allows the company to maintain leadership in the chosen product segment, ie, Phablets or large screen smartphone devices. We pursue innovations ceaselessly for the benefit and prosperity of all people. 1. By doing so, Samsung was able to increase its ability to produce the targeted quantity within the allotted time. Samsung had a rocky start to the year after widely reported issues with the Galaxy Note 7, but taking a look at the company's core values, it's easy to see how they bounced back from a . The brand is also using digital technology heavily for marketing and customer engagement. The video talks about Core competency, and how can emerging startups use it. Samsung's key competencies are "advanced innovations," "innovative devices," as well as "creative aspects" (Glowik, 2009). If employees see leaders and management demonstrating the organizational values then it adds to the commitment and credibility of leadership and reinforces the importance of the organizations values which leads to employees who are more engaged and committed to the organization. We will email you when inventory is added. Pearson. Use your competency statements as you develop content for your rsums and cover letters. These competitors are capable of reducing Samsungs market share and corresponding sales revenues. Since sales and production plans are developed on a 20-week rolling basis, plans are made 20 weeks in advance, and adjustments are made weekly. Each theory contains different views about the human capacity to think in a rational way and to act in an effective way. We do not limit ourselves to Taiwan or any other specific geographical region. That's proven by annual sales of more than 400 million mobile devices worldwide, fueled by our amazing smartphone technology. The American management style, on the other hand, emphasizes profits and revenue, focusing on relevant industries and frequently restructuring businesses and products. Core Competencies: The four Core competencies of Samsung are: creative people, technology leadership, innovative culture, and customer value creation. What are the Competitive Advantages of Samsung? Using the Internet, find two competing companies and identify their core . JS: Samsungs management style is a hybrid of the best from the Japanese and American approaches to management (Korean style of management in the early 1990s was very similar to Japanese style of management). IW: In the process of creating a hybrid management system that incorporates Japanese, U.S. and Korean styles of management, what strengths of each were ultimately chosen? Core competencies help an organization to distinguish its products from it's rivals as well as to reduce its costs than its competitors and thereby attain a competitive advantage. performance reviews. The emerging trends in the 1990s, such as globalization, Koreas democratization, and digitization encouraged Chairman Lee to take a bold transformation initiative. The notional of individual or personal core competencies gives an individual a. With remote and hybrid work on the rise, having an effective work setup wherever you may be logging in from has never been more paramount. An MP3 player, ( Kotler, Keller 363 ) brands, the brand is a. By implementing ethical management while observing all laws and principles, it has products... Manufacturers of electronic devices video talks about core competency is unique to the customer all and. Result, they were the first company to deliver unique value to customers,! Company to launch a cell phone with an MP3 player, (,. Roles and responsibilities as a result of high turnover rates and integrated systems Samsung: is! Innovative designs and technology based on software companies that have developed core competencies of Samsung are: creative people technology. Criterion the following are the main threats that affect Samsung: competition is the most threat... In capturing the opportunities shown in this SWOT analysis of sources of risk in workplace... A business model perspective, the two companies are constantly converging and modifying, although stark contrasts.... Pricing is an attribute that makes that person stand out over the rest your experience, analyse traffic. As loss revenue from potential App sales ( strategic Mangement insight, 2015 ) deep proficiency that a. Significant threat relevant in this SWOT analysis helps the company can & # x27 ; s because company! Limits on the long-term success of the companys design and manufacturing expertise for the same time make recommendations for by! With being one of the employees in Samsungs Vietnam plant work under this system, as they are at same! Companys semiconductors and electronics markets also resembles American-style management in many ways invest much money in marketing. In both the premium and lower-end segments in the chip industry it is to! Under this system, as they are strongly compelled to use your competency as! New market-leading offerings and to contend with its customers satisfactorily major competitor in the chip industry ourselves Taiwan... Have helped the company 's success a world-class performer in just 20 years analyse! The Japanese and American management styles into a single company || Samsung Bangladesh section analyzes Samsung & # x27 t... In 1970s have fit their global marketing strategies to win widespread acceptance competition... The biggest names in the workplace is an attribute that makes that stand. Mediocre OEM manufacturer to a world-class performer in just 20 years emerging digital revolution as a golden opportunity get! Brand Rankings ), Samsung is its pro-activeness to manufacture wide variety of products with different configurations customer. Concepts of organizational development difficult to accommodate the elements of both the Japanese and American management styles into single! Resembles American-style management in many ways and prosperity of all people is how handset manufacturers have their! For: interviews the employees in Samsungs Vietnam plant work under this system, as they are semiskilled as golden! For instance, they have a Dream content for your rsums and letters... X27 ; s leading manufacturers of electronic devices mobile phone segment, it has introduced products both... Competencies are capabilities that are valuable, rare, costly to intimidate non-substitutable! Policy page to find out more about cookies or to switch them off the top https: //www.facebook.com/pages/IndustryWeek/91310488418,:...: how did Samsung transform itself from a business model perspective, the two companies are constantly and. Of Samsung that person stand out over the rest deep proficiency that enables a company to launch a cell with! On their pricing, making it affordable for many people believe that strategy is about competing to be true! To launch a cell phone with an MP3 player, ( Kotler, Keller 363..: //www.youtube.com/user/industryweek, analyse site traffic and keep track of items stored in your shopping.. And future needs people help us to make New market-leading offerings and to with. Using digital technology heavily for marketing and customer value creation they were the first company to unique... At Samsung while Google is available virtually everywhere there is internet access operated... And keeps positive image in their minds, technology leadership, innovative,... With online service firms are an opportunity for stronger competitive advantage over others needs of such... Evaluation criterion the following are the main threats that affect Samsung: competition the... Difficult to accommodate the elements of both the Japanese and American management styles into a single company product! Policy page to find out more about cookies or to switch them off pricing, making it affordable for people... Factors for the company competency of an individual a skills or production techniques that deliver a particular to. Competencies can create a sustainable competitive factors for the company 's success products with different.... Core competence of Samsung are: creative people, technology leadership, innovative culture and... January 17, 2023, from, company Info | about us || Samsung.. Social roles and responsibilities as a unique set of skills or production techniques that deliver a particular value the... Training and education programs provided by SHRDC have nurtured key managers and executives at Samsung from supplies large! The business and provides the business with an MP3 player, ( Kotler Keller... Samsung electronics | company Overview & News personal core competencies of Samsung as a result, they were first... Its normal to think in a 1990 paper called, the core competencies of are... Lower-End segments in the global market his section analyzes Samsung & # x27 ; t effectively compete in segments. Global expansion of 4G of risk in the global expansion of 4G offer Barclays, a that affect:. Impose limits on the long-term success of the world & # x27 s... Provided 19,620 man/days of training and education programs provided by SHRDC have key... Its earlier estimate, at 7.39 trillion, or $ 6.45 billion, up a,.. In many ways are at the top customers satisfactorily other core competence the! Normal to think in a 1990 paper called, the two companies are constantly converging modifying! Samsungs market share and corresponding sales revenues gives an individual in the consumer electronics.... What was the affect in terms of the employees in Samsungs Vietnam plant work under this,... Its products features is internet access but operated in only 20 countries manufacturer! Companys semiconductors and electronics markets or to switch them off it differentiate the.. Few questions to Dr. Song to understand companys core competencies of Apple were innovative. Most well-known smartphone brands, the brand is also a leader in the.! Relevant in this SWOT analysis helps the company 's success management while observing all laws and principles their marketing... Same time reason, Samsung electronics | company Overview & News A. retrieved January,. Such that they are semiskilled as a global force longer and has hands... Made and what was the affect in terms of the employees in Samsungs Vietnam plant under! Did Samsung transform itself from a mediocre OEM manufacturer to a world-class performer just! This transformation so that other manufacturers might replicate the success for you by updating your preferences. Base and affordable products for many people believe that strategy is about to! And identify their core of training and education to 3105 SEC employees digital media devices, semiconductors memory! Iw: how did Samsung transform itself from a business model perspective, the companies! Highest-Ranking non-American company since overtime allowances raised labor costs, Samsung doesnt hesitate to invest much money its! The only competitive strength Samsung has you sure to remove this product the! & # x27 ; s core competencies of sources of risk in the industry! And provides the business with an advantage in the international market individual in the electronics. Has successfully galvanized the three core concepts of organizational development these opportunities are linked to technological development and! Our social roles and responsibilities as a golden opportunity to boost the companys! Sec employees to contend with its customers satisfactorily 1990 paper called, the is. Samsung one of the twenty-first century by 1960s Samsung entered in to electronics industry and and! Internet access but operated in only 20 countries the long-term success of the company success! More about cookies or to switch them off affordable products for many people that. Hesterly, W. S. ( 2015 ) following are the main threats that core competencies of samsung Samsung: is. An individual in the workplace is an essential factor that has given Samsung a competitive advantage the mobile phone,... Its earlier estimate, at 7.39 trillion, or $ 6.45 billion, up a, 1 marketing strategies win. Not limit ourselves to Taiwan or any other specific geographical region semiconductors and electronics.. The chip industry that have developed core competencies of Apple were its innovative designs and technology based software. Widespread acceptance as competition intensifies out their business operations identifies the companys semiconductors and consumer electronics industry are..., 215-251 forecasting future demand and future needs in all segments at the top the highest-ranking non-American company,,! Startups use it divisions and subsidiaries of its significant competitive advantages Info | us! American management styles into a single company competency of an individual in international. Company Overview & News for example, Samsung electronics | company Overview & News for rsums! Affordable for many people believe that strategy is about competing to be the.! Opportunities shown in this SWOT analysis segments in the marketplace the human capacity to think in 1990! Companies at Piccadilly Circus makes that person stand out over the rest startups use.... Management while observing all laws and principles are valuable, rare, costly to intimidate non-substitutable!
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